In recent years, due to certain events, the world has experienced some wild demographic shifts. Wealthy nations struggle with aging populations and small workforces while other countries have rapidly increasing populations.
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Population size and economic output can shape both the opportunities and challenges different countries face. Rapidly growing populations place strain on housing and infrastructrue, while a decreasing population (aging) puts strain on social systems. Similarly, looking at a country's GDP tells about their availble resources for growth, innovation, public services, and more.
Looking at this data side by side explains why some countries are powerful and some are not. Other factors like policy, location etc. also play a role, but these two alone can give you a lot of valuable insights.
The increased average age, especially in developed countries has led to some economic troubles. In the USA, for instance, the taxation cost of social security has gone up since they have significantly less workers per aging person than there were when social security was first proposed.
While population play a role in economic growth, by looking at the data of the top ten countries, you can see that it plays little role in the nominal GDP or GDP per capita (in some cases). Use this site to compare each country's nominal GDP, growth rate, population, and GDP per capita, then click on a country's name to get a quick, auto-generated summary.